General waste management guide for Stanford
List of nonhazardous wastes: If it's on this list, it can go down the drain.
Federal list of acutely hazardous wastes: If it's on this list, the container must be tagged as hazardous waste.
California list of extremely hazardous wastes: If it's on this list, the container must be tagged as hazardous waste.
Chapter 7, "Disposal of Waste", gives guidelines for neutralizing various potentially hazardous classes of compounds. If your work includes a particularly reactive or hazardous reagent, you should consider neutralizing the excess for safety reasons.
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, Volumes 1-2 (7th Edition): Focuses on reactivity, not health hazards.
OSHA (U.S. Occupational Health and Safety Administration): Has health guidelines for a selected list of substances.